Merge branch 'post-09' into post-10

Fix: `target-pointer-width` field now expects an integer

.cargo/config.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [unstable]
-build-std = ["core", "compiler_builtins"]
+build-std = ["core", "compiler_builtins", "alloc"]
 build-std-features = ["compiler-builtins-mem"]
 
 [build]

Cargo.lock

@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
 version = 4
 
+[[package]]
+name = "autocfg"
+version = "1.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c08606f8c3cbf4ce6ec8e28fb0014a2c086708fe954eaa885384a6165172e7e8"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bit_field"
 version = "0.10.2"
@@ -26,6 +32,9 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bootloader",
  "lazy_static",
+ "linked_list_allocator",
+ "pc-keyboard",
+ "pic8259",
  "spin 0.5.2",
  "uart_16550",
  "volatile 0.2.7",
@@ -34,9 +43,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bootloader"
-version = "0.9.32"
+version = "0.9.33"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1ea119c3ed05625c179e09d17d0914570a3753ca09c890a73d98f6b72aea00d2"
+checksum = "7bdfddac270bbdd45903296bc1caf29a7fdce6b326aaf0bbab7f04c5f98b7447"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
@@ -47,12 +56,52 @@ dependencies = [
  "spin 0.9.8",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "linked_list_allocator"
+version = "0.9.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "549ce1740e46b291953c4340adcd74c59bcf4308f4cac050fd33ba91b7168f4a"
+dependencies = [
+ "spinning_top",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "lock_api"
+version = "0.4.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "96936507f153605bddfcda068dd804796c84324ed2510809e5b2a624c81da765"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "scopeguard",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pc-keyboard"
+version = "0.7.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ed089a1fbffe3337a1a345501c981f1eb1e47e69de5a40e852433e12953c3174"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pic8259"
+version = "0.10.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cb844b5b01db1e0b17938685738f113bfc903846f18932b378bc0eabfa40e194"
+dependencies = [
+ "x86_64",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b39cdef0fa800fc44525c84ccb54a029961a8215f9619753635a9c0d2538d46d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "scopeguard"
+version = "1.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "spin"
 version = "0.5.2"
@@ -65,6 +114,15 @@ version = "0.9.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6980e8d7511241f8acf4aebddbb1ff938df5eebe98691418c4468d0b72a96a67"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "spinning_top"
+version = "0.2.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5b9eb1a2f4c41445a3a0ff9abc5221c5fcd28e1f13cd7c0397706f9ac938ddb0"
+dependencies = [
+ "lock_api",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "uart_16550"
 version = "0.2.19"

Cargo.toml

@@ -13,11 +13,14 @@ name = "stack_overflow"
 harness = false
 
 [dependencies]
-bootloader = "0.9"
+bootloader = { version = "0.9", features = ["map_physical_memory"] }
 volatile = "0.2.6"
 spin = "0.5.2"
 x86_64 = "0.14.2"
 uart_16550 = "0.2.0"
+pic8259 = "0.10.1"
+pc-keyboard = "0.7.0"
+linked_list_allocator = "0.9.0"
 
 [dependencies.lazy_static]
 version = "1.0"
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ features = ["spin_no_std"]
 
 [[bin]]
 name = "blog_os"
-test = false
+test = true
 bench = false
 
 

README.md

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-# Blog OS (Double Faults)
+# Blog OS (Heap Allocation)
 
-[![Build Status](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/workflows/Code/badge.svg?branch=post-06)](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/actions?query=workflow%3A%22Code%22+branch%3Apost-06)
+[![Build Status](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/workflows/Code/badge.svg?branch=post-10)](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/actions?query=workflow%3A%22Code%22+branch%3Apost-10)
 
-This repository contains the source code for the [Double Faults][post] post of the [Writing an OS in Rust](https://os.phil-opp.com) series.
+This repository contains the source code for the [Heap Allocation][post] post of the [Writing an OS in Rust](https://os.phil-opp.com) series.
 
-[post]: https://os.phil-opp.com/double-fault-exceptions/
+[post]: https://os.phil-opp.com/heap-allocation/
 
 **Check out the [master branch](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os) for more information.**
 

src/allocator.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use alloc::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout};
+use core::ptr::null_mut;
+use linked_list_allocator::LockedHeap;
+use x86_64::{
+    VirtAddr,
+    structures::paging::{
+        FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, Size4KiB, mapper::MapToError,
+    },
+};
+
+pub const HEAP_START: usize = 0x_4444_4444_0000;
+pub const HEAP_SIZE: usize = 100 * 1024; // 100 KiB
+
+#[global_allocator]
+static ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap = LockedHeap::empty();
+
+pub fn init_heap(
+    mapper: &mut impl Mapper<Size4KiB>,
+    frame_allocator: &mut impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB>,
+) -> Result<(), MapToError<Size4KiB>> {
+    let page_range = {
+        let heap_start = VirtAddr::new(HEAP_START as u64);
+        let heap_end = heap_start + HEAP_SIZE - 1u64;
+        let heap_start_page = Page::containing_address(heap_start);
+        let heap_end_page = Page::containing_address(heap_end);
+        Page::range_inclusive(heap_start_page, heap_end_page)
+    };
+
+    for page in page_range {
+        let frame = frame_allocator
+            .allocate_frame()
+            .ok_or(MapToError::FrameAllocationFailed)?;
+        let flags = PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
+        unsafe { mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, frame_allocator)?.flush() };
+    }
+
+    unsafe {
+        ALLOCATOR.lock().init(HEAP_START, HEAP_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub struct Dummy;
+
+unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Dummy {
+    unsafe fn alloc(&self, _layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+        null_mut()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, _ptr: *mut u8, _layout: Layout) {
+        panic!("dealloc should be never called")
+    }
+}

src/interrupts.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,44 @@
-use crate::{gdt, println};
+use crate::{gdt, hlt_loop, print, println};
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
-use x86_64::structures::idt::{InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame};
+use pic8259::ChainedPics;
+use spin;
+use x86_64::structures::idt::{InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame, PageFaultErrorCode};
+
+pub const PIC_1_OFFSET: u8 = 32;
+pub const PIC_2_OFFSET: u8 = PIC_1_OFFSET + 8;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum InterruptIndex {
+    Timer = PIC_1_OFFSET,
+    Keyboard,
+}
+
+impl InterruptIndex {
+    fn as_u8(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+
+    fn as_usize(self) -> usize {
+        usize::from(self.as_u8())
+    }
+}
+
+pub static PICS: spin::Mutex<ChainedPics> =
+    spin::Mutex::new(unsafe { ChainedPics::new(PIC_1_OFFSET, PIC_2_OFFSET) });
 
 lazy_static! {
     static ref IDT: InterruptDescriptorTable = {
         let mut idt = InterruptDescriptorTable::new();
         idt.breakpoint.set_handler_fn(breakpoint_handler);
+        idt.page_fault.set_handler_fn(page_fault_handler);
         unsafe {
             idt.double_fault
                 .set_handler_fn(double_fault_handler)
                 .set_stack_index(gdt::DOUBLE_FAULT_IST_INDEX);
         }
+        idt[InterruptIndex::Timer.as_usize()].set_handler_fn(timer_interrupt_handler);
+        idt[InterruptIndex::Keyboard.as_usize()].set_handler_fn(keyboard_interrupt_handler);
         idt
     };
 }
@@ -23,6 +51,19 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
     println!("EXCEPTION: BREAKPOINT\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
 }
 
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(
+    stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+    error_code: PageFaultErrorCode,
+) {
+    use x86_64::registers::control::Cr2;
+
+    println!("EXCEPTION: PAGE FAULT");
+    println!("Accessed Address: {:?}", Cr2::read());
+    println!("Error Code: {:?}", error_code);
+    println!("{:#?}", stack_frame);
+    hlt_loop();
+}
+
 extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(
     stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
     _error_code: u64,
@@ -30,6 +71,47 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(
     panic!("EXCEPTION: DOUBLE FAULT\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
 }
 
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+    print!(".");
+    unsafe {
+        PICS.lock()
+            .notify_end_of_interrupt(InterruptIndex::Timer.as_u8());
+    }
+}
+
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+    use pc_keyboard::{DecodedKey, HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1, layouts};
+    use spin::Mutex;
+    use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
+
+    lazy_static! {
+        static ref KEYBOARD: Mutex<Keyboard<layouts::Us104Key, ScancodeSet1>> =
+            Mutex::new(Keyboard::new(
+                ScancodeSet1::new(),
+                layouts::Us104Key,
+                HandleControl::Ignore
+            ));
+    }
+
+    let mut keyboard = KEYBOARD.lock();
+    let mut port = Port::new(0x60);
+
+    let scancode: u8 = unsafe { port.read() };
+    if let Ok(Some(key_event)) = keyboard.add_byte(scancode) {
+        if let Some(key) = keyboard.process_keyevent(key_event) {
+            match key {
+                DecodedKey::Unicode(character) => print!("{}", character),
+                DecodedKey::RawKey(key) => print!("{:?}", key),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe {
+        PICS.lock()
+            .notify_end_of_interrupt(InterruptIndex::Keyboard.as_u8());
+    }
+}
+
 #[test_case]
 fn test_breakpoint_exception() {
     // invoke a breakpoint exception

src/lib.rs

@@ -5,16 +5,21 @@
 #![test_runner(crate::test_runner)]
 #![reexport_test_harness_main = "test_main"]
 
+extern crate alloc;
 use core::panic::PanicInfo;
 
+pub mod allocator;
 pub mod gdt;
 pub mod interrupts;
+pub mod memory;
 pub mod serial;
 pub mod vga_buffer;
 
 pub fn init() {
     gdt::init();
     interrupts::init_idt();
+    unsafe { interrupts::PICS.lock().initialize() };
+    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::enable();
 }
 pub trait Testable {
     fn run(&self) -> ();
@@ -43,7 +48,7 @@ pub fn test_panic_handler(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
     serial_println!("[failed]\n");
     serial_println!("Error: {}\n", info);
     exit_qemu(QemuExitCode::Failed);
-    loop {}
+    hlt_loop();
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -62,13 +67,24 @@ pub fn exit_qemu(exit_code: QemuExitCode) {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn hlt_loop() -> ! {
+    loop {
+        x86_64::instructions::hlt();
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+use bootloader::{BootInfo, entry_point};
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+entry_point!(test_kernel_main);
+
 /// Entry point for `cargo xtest`
 #[cfg(test)]
-#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
-pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
+fn test_kernel_main(_boot_info: &'static BootInfo) -> ! {
     init();
     test_main();
-    loop {}
+    hlt_loop();
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]

src/main.rs

@@ -4,27 +4,58 @@
 #![test_runner(blog_os::test_runner)]
 #![reexport_test_harness_main = "test_main"]
 
+extern crate alloc;
+
+use alloc::{boxed::Box, rc::Rc, vec, vec::Vec};
 use blog_os::println;
+use bootloader::{BootInfo, entry_point};
 use core::panic::PanicInfo;
 
-#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
-pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
-    println!("Hello World{}", "!");
+entry_point!(kernel_main);
 
+fn kernel_main(boot_info: &'static BootInfo) -> ! {
+    use blog_os::allocator;
+    use blog_os::memory::{self, BootInfoFrameAllocator};
+    use x86_64::VirtAddr;
+
+    println!("Hello World{}", "!");
     blog_os::init();
 
-    fn stack_overflow() {
-        stack_overflow(); // for each recursion, the return address is pushed
-    }
+    let phys_mem_offset = VirtAddr::new(boot_info.physical_memory_offset);
+    let mut mapper = unsafe { memory::init(phys_mem_offset) };
+    let mut frame_allocator = unsafe { BootInfoFrameAllocator::init(&boot_info.memory_map) };
 
-    // uncomment line below to trigger a stack overflow
-    // stack_overflow();
+    allocator::init_heap(&mut mapper, &mut frame_allocator).expect("heap initialization failed");
+
+    // allocate a number on the heap
+    let heap_value = Box::new(41);
+    println!("heap_value at {:p}", heap_value);
+
+    // create a dynamically sized vector
+    let mut vec = Vec::new();
+    for i in 0..500 {
+        vec.push(i);
+    }
+    println!("vec at {:p}", vec.as_slice());
+
+    // create a reference counted vector -> will be freed when count reaches 0
+    let reference_counted = Rc::new(vec![1, 2, 3]);
+    let cloned_reference = reference_counted.clone();
+    println!(
+        "current reference count is {}",
+        Rc::strong_count(&cloned_reference)
+    );
+    core::mem::drop(reference_counted);
+    println!(
+        "reference count is {} now",
+        Rc::strong_count(&cloned_reference)
+    );
 
     #[cfg(test)]
     test_main();
 
     println!("It did not crash!");
-    loop {}
+    blog_os::hlt_loop();
 }
 
 /// This function is called on panic.
@@ -32,7 +63,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
 #[panic_handler]
 fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
     println!("{}", info);
-    loop {}
+    blog_os::hlt_loop();
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]

src/memory.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use bootloader::bootinfo::{MemoryMap, MemoryRegionType};
+use x86_64::{
+    PhysAddr, VirtAddr,
+    structures::paging::{FrameAllocator, OffsetPageTable, PageTable, PhysFrame, Size4KiB},
+};
+
+/// Initialize a new OffsetPageTable.
+///
+/// This function is unsafe because the caller must guarantee that the
+/// complete physical memory is mapped to virtual memory at the passed
+/// `physical_memory_offset`. Also, this function must be only called once
+/// to avoid aliasing `&mut` references (which is undefined behavior).
+pub unsafe fn init(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> OffsetPageTable<'static> {
+    unsafe {
+        let level_4_table = active_level_4_table(physical_memory_offset);
+        OffsetPageTable::new(level_4_table, physical_memory_offset)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns a mutable reference to the active level 4 table.
+///
+/// This function is unsafe because the caller must guarantee that the
+/// complete physical memory is mapped to virtual memory at the passed
+/// `physical_memory_offset`. Also, this function must be only called once
+/// to avoid aliasing `&mut` references (which is undefined behavior).
+unsafe fn active_level_4_table(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> &'static mut PageTable {
+    use x86_64::registers::control::Cr3;
+
+    let (level_4_table_frame, _) = Cr3::read();
+
+    let phys = level_4_table_frame.start_address();
+    let virt = physical_memory_offset + phys.as_u64();
+    let page_table_ptr: *mut PageTable = virt.as_mut_ptr();
+
+    unsafe { &mut *page_table_ptr }
+}
+
+/// A FrameAllocator that always returns `None`.
+pub struct EmptyFrameAllocator;
+
+unsafe impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB> for EmptyFrameAllocator {
+    fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+/// A FrameAllocator that returns usable frames from the bootloader's memory map.
+pub struct BootInfoFrameAllocator {
+    memory_map: &'static MemoryMap,
+    next: usize,
+}
+
+impl BootInfoFrameAllocator {
+    /// Create a FrameAllocator from the passed memory map.
+    ///
+    /// This function is unsafe because the caller must guarantee that the passed
+    /// memory map is valid. The main requirement is that all frames that are marked
+    /// as `USABLE` in it are really unused.
+    pub unsafe fn init(memory_map: &'static MemoryMap) -> Self {
+        BootInfoFrameAllocator {
+            memory_map,
+            next: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over the usable frames specified in the memory map.
+    fn usable_frames(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PhysFrame> {
+        // get usable regions from memory map
+        let regions = self.memory_map.iter();
+        let usable_regions = regions.filter(|r| r.region_type == MemoryRegionType::Usable);
+        // map each region to its address range
+        let addr_ranges = usable_regions.map(|r| r.range.start_addr()..r.range.end_addr());
+        // transform to an iterator of frame start addresses
+        let frame_addresses = addr_ranges.flat_map(|r| r.step_by(4096));
+        // create `PhysFrame` types from the start addresses
+        frame_addresses.map(|addr| PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(addr)))
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB> for BootInfoFrameAllocator {
+    fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
+        let frame = self.usable_frames().nth(self.next);
+        self.next += 1;
+        frame
+    }
+}

src/serial.rs

@@ -13,10 +13,14 @@ lazy_static! {
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub fn _print(args: ::core::fmt::Arguments) {
     use core::fmt::Write;
-    SERIAL1
-        .lock()
-        .write_fmt(args)
-        .expect("Printing to serial failed");
+    use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
+
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        SERIAL1
+            .lock()
+            .write_fmt(args)
+            .expect("Printing to serial failed");
+    });
 }
 
 /// Prints to the host through the serial interface.

src/vga_buffer.rs

@@ -163,11 +163,16 @@ macro_rules! println {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
 }
 
-/// Prints the given formatted string to the VGA text buffer through the global `WRITER` instance.
+/// Prints the given formatted string to the VGA text buffer
+/// through the global `WRITER` instance.
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
     use core::fmt::Write;
-    WRITER.lock().write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+    use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
+
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        WRITER.lock().write_fmt(args).unwrap();
+    });
 }
 
 #[test_case]
@@ -184,10 +189,16 @@ fn test_println_many() {
 
 #[test_case]
 fn test_println_output() {
+    use core::fmt::Write;
+    use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
+
     let s = "Some test string that fits on a single line";
-    println!("{}", s);
-    for (i, c) in s.chars().enumerate() {
-        let screen_char = WRITER.lock().buffer.chars[BUFFER_HEIGHT - 2][i].read();
-        assert_eq!(char::from(screen_char.ascii_character), c);
-    }
+    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
+        let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
+        writeln!(writer, "\n{}", s).expect("writeln failed");
+        for (i, c) in s.chars().enumerate() {
+            let screen_char = writer.buffer.chars[BUFFER_HEIGHT - 2][i].read();
+            assert_eq!(char::from(screen_char.ascii_character), c);
+        }
+    });
 }

tests/heap_allocation.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+#![feature(custom_test_frameworks)]
+#![test_runner(blog_os::test_runner)]
+#![reexport_test_harness_main = "test_main"]
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+use alloc::{boxed::Box, vec::Vec};
+use blog_os::allocator::HEAP_SIZE;
+use bootloader::{BootInfo, entry_point};
+use core::panic::PanicInfo;
+
+entry_point!(main);
+
+fn main(boot_info: &'static BootInfo) -> ! {
+    use blog_os::allocator;
+    use blog_os::memory::{self, BootInfoFrameAllocator};
+    use x86_64::VirtAddr;
+
+    blog_os::init();
+    let phys_mem_offset = VirtAddr::new(boot_info.physical_memory_offset);
+    let mut mapper = unsafe { memory::init(phys_mem_offset) };
+    let mut frame_allocator = unsafe { BootInfoFrameAllocator::init(&boot_info.memory_map) };
+    allocator::init_heap(&mut mapper, &mut frame_allocator).expect("heap initialization failed");
+
+    test_main();
+    loop {}
+}
+
+#[test_case]
+fn simple_allocation() {
+    let heap_value_1 = Box::new(41);
+    let heap_value_2 = Box::new(13);
+    assert_eq!(*heap_value_1, 41);
+    assert_eq!(*heap_value_2, 13);
+}
+
+#[test_case]
+fn large_vec() {
+    let n = 1000;
+    let mut vec = Vec::new();
+    for i in 0..n {
+        vec.push(i);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(vec.iter().sum::<u64>(), (n - 1) * n / 2);
+}
+
+#[test_case]
+fn many_boxes() {
+    for i in 0..HEAP_SIZE {
+        let x = Box::new(i);
+        assert_eq!(*x, i);
+    }
+}
+
+#[panic_handler]
+fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
+    blog_os::test_panic_handler(info)
+}

x86_64-blog_os.json

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     "data-layout": "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128",
     "arch": "x86_64",
     "target-endian": "little",
-    "target-pointer-width": "64",
+    "target-pointer-width": 64,
     "target-c-int-width": 32,
     "os": "none",
     "executables": true,