Update

.cargo/config

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[build]
+target = "x86_64-blog_os.json"
+
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "none")']
+runner = "bootimage runner"

.cargo/config.toml

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-[unstable]
-build-std = ["core", "compiler_builtins", "alloc"]
-build-std-features = ["compiler-builtins-mem"]
-
-[build]
-target = "x86_64-blog_os.json"
-
-[target.'cfg(target_os = "none")']
-runner = "bootimage runner"

.github/workflows/build-code.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+name: Build Code
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - '*'
+      - '!staging.tmp'
+    tags:
+      - '*'
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '40 3 * * *'   # every day at 3:40
+  pull_request:
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    name: "Test"
+
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        platform: [
+          ubuntu-latest,
+          macos-latest,
+          windows-latest
+        ]
+
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
+    timeout-minutes: 15
+
+    steps:
+    - name: "Checkout Repository"
+      uses: actions/checkout@v1
+
+    - name: Install Rustup
+      run: |
+        curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y --default-toolchain nightly
+        echo ::add-path::$HOME/.cargo/bin
+      if: runner.os == 'macOS'
+
+    - name: "Print Rust Version"
+      run: |
+        rustc -Vv
+        cargo -Vv
+
+    - name: "Install Rustup Components"
+      run: rustup component add rust-src llvm-tools-preview
+    - name: "Install cargo-xbuild"
+      run: cargo install cargo-xbuild --debug
+    - name: "Install bootimage"
+      run: cargo install bootimage --debug
+
+    - name: "Run cargo xbuild"
+      run: cargo xbuild
+    - name: "Create Bootimage"
+      run: cargo bootimage
+
+     # install QEMU
+    - name: Install QEMU (Linux)
+      run: sudo apt update && sudo apt install qemu-system-x86
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+    - name: Install QEMU (macOS)
+      run: brew install qemu
+      if: runner.os == 'macOS'
+      env:
+        HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE: 1
+        HOMEBREW_NO_BOTTLE_SOURCE_FALLBACK: 1
+        HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_CLEANUP: 1
+    - name: Install Scoop (Windows)
+      run: |
+        Invoke-Expression (New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://get.scoop.sh')
+        echo ::add-path::$HOME\scoop\shims
+      if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+      shell: pwsh
+    - name: Install QEMU (Windows)
+      run: scoop install qemu
+      if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+      shell: pwsh
+    - name: "Print QEMU Version"
+      run: qemu-system-x86_64 --version
+
+    - name: "Run cargo xtest"
+      run: cargo xtest
+
+  check_formatting:
+    name: "Check Formatting"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 2
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+    - name: "Use the latest Rust nightly with rustfmt"
+      uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
+      with:
+          toolchain: nightly
+          profile: minimal
+          components: rustfmt
+          override: true
+    - run: cargo fmt -- --check

.github/workflows/code.yml

@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-name: Code
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - '*'
-      - '!staging.tmp'
-    tags:
-      - '*'
-  schedule:
-    - cron: '40 3 * * *'   # every day at 3:40
-  pull_request:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-jobs:
-  check:
-    name: Check
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        platform: [
-          ubuntu-latest,
-          macos-latest,
-          windows-latest
-        ]
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout Repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Install Rust Toolchain
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          profile: minimal
-          toolchain: nightly
-      - name: Install `rust-src` Rustup Component
-        run: rustup component add rust-src
-      - name: Run `cargo check`
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: check
-
-  test:
-    name: Test
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        platform: [
-          ubuntu-latest,
-          macos-latest,
-          windows-latest
-        ]
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
-    steps:
-      - name: Install Rust Toolchain
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          profile: minimal
-          toolchain: nightly
-      - name: Install bootimage
-        run: cargo install bootimage --debug
-      - name: Checkout Repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Install Rustup Components
-        run: rustup component add rust-src llvm-tools-preview
-      - name: Run `cargo bootimage`
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: bootimage
-
-      # install QEMU
-      - name: Install QEMU (Linux)
-        run: sudo apt update && sudo apt install qemu-system-x86
-        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
-      - name: Install QEMU (macOS)
-        run: brew install qemu
-        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
-        env:
-          HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE: 1
-          HOMEBREW_NO_BOTTLE_SOURCE_FALLBACK: 1
-          HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_CLEANUP: 1
-      - name: Install QEMU (Windows)
-        run: |
-          choco install qemu --version 2021.5.5
-          echo "$Env:Programfiles\qemu" | Out-File -FilePath $env:GITHUB_PATH -Encoding utf8 -Append
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        shell: pwsh
-      - name: "Print QEMU Version"
-        run: qemu-system-x86_64 --version
-
-      - name: Run `cargo test`
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: test
-
-  check_formatting:
-    name: Check Formatting
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout Repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Install Rust Toolchain
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          profile: minimal
-          toolchain: nightly
-          components: rustfmt
-          override: true
-      - name: Run `cargo fmt`
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: fmt
-          args: --all -- --check
-
-  clippy:
-    name: Clippy
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout Repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Install Rust Toolchain
-        uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
-        with:
-          profile: minimal
-          toolchain: nightly
-          components: clippy, rust-src
-          override: true
-      - name: Run `cargo clippy`
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: clippy

Cargo.lock

@@ -1,106 +1,168 @@
 # This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
-version = 4
-
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
-version = "1.5.0"
+version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c08606f8c3cbf4ce6ec8e28fb0014a2c086708fe954eaa885384a6165172e7e8"
+checksum = "f8aac770f1885fd7e387acedd76065302551364496e46b3dd00860b2f8359b9d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bit_field"
-version = "0.10.2"
+version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dc827186963e592360843fb5ba4b973e145841266c1357f7180c43526f2e5b61"
+checksum = "ed8765909f9009617974ab6b7d332625b320b33c326b1e9321382ef1999b5d56"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "1.3.2"
+version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
+checksum = "cf1de2fe8c75bc145a2f577add951f8134889b4795d47466a54a5c846d691693"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.9.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6a65b545ab31d687cff52899d4890855fec459eb6afe0da6417b8a18da87aa29"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "blog_os"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bootloader",
+ "conquer-once",
+ "crossbeam-queue",
+ "futures-util",
  "lazy_static",
  "linked_list_allocator",
  "pc-keyboard",
- "pic8259",
+ "pic8259_simple",
- "spin 0.5.2",
+ "spin",
  "uart_16550",
- "volatile 0.2.7",
+ "volatile",
  "x86_64",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bootloader"
-version = "0.9.33"
+version = "0.8.8"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cfg-if"
+version = "0.1.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7bdfddac270bbdd45903296bc1caf29a7fdce6b326aaf0bbab7f04c5f98b7447"
+checksum = "4785bdd1c96b2a846b2bd7cc02e86b6b3dbf14e7e53446c4f54c92a361040822"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "conquer-once"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6f7644600a548ecad74e4a918392af1798f7dd045be610be3203b9e129b4f98f"
+dependencies = [
+ "conquer-util",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "conquer-util"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "654fb2472cc369d311c547103a1fa81d467bef370ae7a0680f65939895b1182a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cpuio"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "22b8e308ccfc5acf3b82f79c0eac444cf6114cb2ac67a230ca6c177210068daa"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-queue"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c695eeca1e7173472a32221542ae469b3e9aac3a4fc81f7696bcad82029493db"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-utils"
+version = "0.7.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c3c7c73a2d1e9fc0886a08b93e98eb643461230d5f1925e4036204d5f2e261a8"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "cfg-if",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-core"
+version = "0.3.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f25592f769825e89b92358db00d26f965761e094951ac44d3663ef25b7ac464a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-task"
+version = "0.3.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7b0a34e53cf6cdcd0178aa573aed466b646eb3db769570841fda0c7ede375a27"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-util"
+version = "0.3.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "22766cf25d64306bedf0384da004d05c9974ab104fcc4528f1236181c18004c5"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-task",
+ "pin-utils",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
-version = "1.5.0"
+version = "1.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
+checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
 dependencies = [
- "spin 0.9.8",
+ "spin",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "linked_list_allocator"
-version = "0.9.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "549ce1740e46b291953c4340adcd74c59bcf4308f4cac050fd33ba91b7168f4a"
+checksum = "18c618c431dfe4419afbe22852f6aceffbc17bd82ba0a18b982def291000824c"
 dependencies = [
  "spinning_top",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
-version = "0.4.13"
+version = "0.3.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "96936507f153605bddfcda068dd804796c84324ed2510809e5b2a624c81da765"
+checksum = "79b2de95ecb4691949fea4716ca53cdbcfccb2c612e19644a8bad05edcf9f47b"
 dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
  "scopeguard",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pc-keyboard"
-version = "0.7.0"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ed089a1fbffe3337a1a345501c981f1eb1e47e69de5a40e852433e12953c3174"
+checksum = "c48392db76c4e9a69e0b3be356c5f97ebb7b14413c5e4fd0af4755dbf86e2fce"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "pic8259"
+name = "pic8259_simple"
-version = "0.10.4"
+version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb844b5b01db1e0b17938685738f113bfc903846f18932b378bc0eabfa40e194"
+checksum = "dc64b2fd10828da8521b6cdabe0679385d7d2a3a6d4c336b819d1fa31ba35c72"
 dependencies = [
- "x86_64",
+ "cpuio",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "rustversion"
+name = "pin-utils"
-version = "1.0.22"
+version = "0.1.0-alpha.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b39cdef0fa800fc44525c84ccb54a029961a8215f9619753635a9c0d2538d46d"
+checksum = "5894c618ce612a3fa23881b152b608bafb8c56cfc22f434a3ba3120b40f7b587"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "scopeguard"
-version = "1.2.0"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
+checksum = "d29ab0c6d3fc0ee92fe66e2d99f700eab17a8d57d1c1d3b748380fb20baa78cd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "spin"
@@ -108,52 +170,37 @@ version = "0.5.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6e63cff320ae2c57904679ba7cb63280a3dc4613885beafb148ee7bf9aa9042d"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "spin"
-version = "0.9.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6980e8d7511241f8acf4aebddbb1ff938df5eebe98691418c4468d0b72a96a67"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "spinning_top"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5b9eb1a2f4c41445a3a0ff9abc5221c5fcd28e1f13cd7c0397706f9ac938ddb0"
+checksum = "32d801a3a53bcf5071f85fef8d5cab9e5f638fc5580a37e6eb7aba4b37438d24"
 dependencies = [
  "lock_api",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "uart_16550"
-version = "0.2.19"
+version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "614ff2a87880d4bd4374722268598a970bbad05ced8bf630439417347254ab2e"
+checksum = "d44b0f30cb82b0fbc15b78ade1064226529ad52028bc8cb8accb98ff6f3d7131"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
- "rustversion",
  "x86_64",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "volatile"
-version = "0.2.7"
+version = "0.2.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f6b06ad3ed06fef1713569d547cdbdb439eafed76341820fb0e0344f29a41945"
+checksum = "6af0edf5b4faacc31fc51159244d78d65ec580f021afcef7bd53c04aeabc7f29"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "volatile"
-version = "0.4.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "442887c63f2c839b346c192d047a7c87e73d0689c9157b00b53dcc27dd5ea793"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "x86_64"
-version = "0.14.13"
+version = "0.9.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c101112411baafbb4bf8d33e4c4a80ab5b02d74d2612331c61e8192fc9710491"
+checksum = "4206b60c9f99766329b66962aa8ddc01df6c7edd02edc046b7a69d5df9fcdbcf"
 dependencies = [
  "bit_field",
- "bitflags 2.9.2",
+ "bitflags",
- "rustversion",
- "volatile 0.4.6",
 ]

Cargo.toml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 name = "blog_os"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["Philipp Oppermann <dev@phil-opp.com>"]
-edition = "2024"
+edition = "2018"
 
 [[test]]
 name = "should_panic"
@@ -13,32 +13,36 @@ name = "stack_overflow"
 harness = false
 
 [dependencies]
-bootloader = { version = "0.9", features = ["map_physical_memory"] }
+bootloader = { version = "0.8.0", features = ["map_physical_memory"]}
 volatile = "0.2.6"
 spin = "0.5.2"
-x86_64 = "0.14.2"
+x86_64 = "0.9.6"
 uart_16550 = "0.2.0"
-pic8259 = "0.10.1"
+pic8259_simple = "0.1.1"
-pc-keyboard = "0.7.0"
+pc-keyboard = "0.5.0"
-linked_list_allocator = "0.9.0"
+linked_list_allocator = "0.8.0"
 
 [dependencies.lazy_static]
 version = "1.0"
 features = ["spin_no_std"]
 
-[[bin]]
+[dependencies.crossbeam-queue]
-name = "blog_os"
+version = "0.2.1"
-test = true
+default-features = false
-bench = false
+features = ["alloc"]
 
+[dependencies.conquer-once]
+version = "0.2.0"
+default-features = false
+
+[dependencies.futures-util]
+version = "0.3.4"
+default-features = false
+features = ["alloc", "async-await"]
 
 [package.metadata.bootimage]
 test-args = [
-    "-device",
+    "-device", "isa-debug-exit,iobase=0xf4,iosize=0x04", "-serial", "stdio",
-    "isa-debug-exit,iobase=0xf4,iosize=0x04",
+    "-display", "none"
-    "-serial",
-    "stdio",
-    "-display",
-    "none",
 ]
 test-success-exit-code = 33         # (0x10 << 1) | 1

README.md

@@ -1,32 +1,28 @@
-# Blog OS (Allocator Designs)
+# Blog OS (Heap Allocation)
 
-[![Build Status](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/workflows/Code/badge.svg?branch=post-11)](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/actions?query=workflow%3A%22Code%22+branch%3Apost-11)
+[![Build Status](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/workflows/Build%20Code/badge.svg?branch=post-10)](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/actions?query=workflow%3A%22Build+Code%22+branch%3Apost-10)
 
-This repository contains the source code for the [Allocator Designs][post] post of the [Writing an OS in Rust](https://os.phil-opp.com) series.
+This repository contains the source code for the [Heap Allocation][post] post of the [Writing an OS in Rust](https://os.phil-opp.com) series.
 
-[post]: https://os.phil-opp.com/allocator-designs/
+[post]: https://os.phil-opp.com/heap-allocation/
 
 **Check out the [master branch](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os) for more information.**
 
 ## Building
 
-This project requires a nightly version of Rust because it uses some unstable features. At least nightly _2020-07-15_ is required for building. You might need to run `rustup update nightly --force` to update to the latest nightly even if some components such as `rustfmt` are missing it.
+You need a nightly Rust compiler. First you need to install the `cargo-xbuild` and `bootimage` tools:
-
-You can build the project by running:
 
 ```
-cargo build
+cargo install cargo-xbuild bootimage
 ```
 
-To create a bootable disk image from the compiled kernel, you need to install the [`bootimage`] tool:
+Then you can build the project by running:
-
-[`bootimage`]: https://github.com/rust-osdev/bootimage
 
 ```
-cargo install bootimage
+cargo xbuild
 ```
 
-After installing, you can create the bootable disk image by running:
+To create a bootable disk image, run:
 
 ```
 cargo bootimage
@@ -43,10 +39,10 @@ You can run the disk image in [QEMU] through:
 [QEMU]: https://www.qemu.org/
 
 ```
-cargo run
+cargo xrun
 ```
 
-[QEMU] and the [`bootimage`] tool need to be installed for this.
+Of course [QEMU] needs to be installed for this.
 
 You can also write the image to an USB stick for booting it on a real machine. On Linux, the command for this is:
 

src/allocator.rs

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ use alloc::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout};
 use core::ptr::null_mut;
 use fixed_size_block::FixedSizeBlockAllocator;
 use x86_64::{
-    VirtAddr,
     structures::paging::{
-        FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, Size4KiB, mapper::MapToError,
+        mapper::MapToError, FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, Size4KiB,
     },
+    VirtAddr,
 };
 
 pub mod bump;
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub fn init_heap(
             .allocate_frame()
             .ok_or(MapToError::FrameAllocationFailed)?;
         let flags = PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
-        unsafe { mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, frame_allocator)?.flush() };
+        mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, frame_allocator)?.flush();
     }
 
     unsafe {

src/allocator/bump.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::{Locked, align_up};
+use super::{align_up, Locked};
 use alloc::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout};
 use core::ptr;
 

src/allocator/fixed_size_block.rs

@@ -31,9 +31,8 @@ pub struct FixedSizeBlockAllocator {
 impl FixedSizeBlockAllocator {
     /// Creates an empty FixedSizeBlockAllocator.
     pub const fn new() -> Self {
-        const EMPTY: Option<&'static mut ListNode> = None;
         FixedSizeBlockAllocator {
-            list_heads: [EMPTY; BLOCK_SIZES.len()],
+            list_heads: [None; BLOCK_SIZES.len()],
             fallback_allocator: linked_list_allocator::Heap::empty(),
         }
     }
@@ -44,10 +43,8 @@ impl FixedSizeBlockAllocator {
     /// heap bounds are valid and that the heap is unused. This method must be
     /// called only once.
     pub unsafe fn init(&mut self, heap_start: usize, heap_size: usize) {
-        unsafe {
         self.fallback_allocator.init(heap_start, heap_size);
     }
-    }
 
     /// Allocates using the fallback allocator.
     fn fallback_alloc(&mut self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
@@ -93,17 +90,13 @@ unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Locked<FixedSizeBlockAllocator> {
                 assert!(mem::size_of::<ListNode>() <= BLOCK_SIZES[index]);
                 assert!(mem::align_of::<ListNode>() <= BLOCK_SIZES[index]);
                 let new_node_ptr = ptr as *mut ListNode;
-                unsafe {
                 new_node_ptr.write(new_node);
                 allocator.list_heads[index] = Some(&mut *new_node_ptr);
             }
-            }
             None => {
                 let ptr = NonNull::new(ptr).unwrap();
-                unsafe {
                 allocator.fallback_allocator.deallocate(ptr, layout);
             }
         }
     }
-    }
 }

src/allocator/linked_list.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::{Locked, align_up};
+use super::{align_up, Locked};
 use alloc::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout};
 use core::{mem, ptr};
 
@@ -39,25 +39,21 @@ impl LinkedListAllocator {
     /// heap bounds are valid and that the heap is unused. This method must be
     /// called only once.
     pub unsafe fn init(&mut self, heap_start: usize, heap_size: usize) {
-        unsafe {
         self.add_free_region(heap_start, heap_size);
     }
-    }
 
     /// Adds the given memory region to the front of the list.
     unsafe fn add_free_region(&mut self, addr: usize, size: usize) {
         // ensure that the freed region is capable of holding ListNode
-        assert_eq!(align_up(addr, mem::align_of::<ListNode>()), addr);
+        assert!(align_up(addr, mem::align_of::<ListNode>()) == addr);
         assert!(size >= mem::size_of::<ListNode>());
 
         // create a new list node and append it at the start of the list
         let mut node = ListNode::new(size);
         node.next = self.head.next.take();
         let node_ptr = addr as *mut ListNode;
-        unsafe {
         node_ptr.write(node);
-            self.head.next = Some(&mut *node_ptr);
+        self.head.next = Some(&mut *node_ptr)
-        }
     }
 
     /// Looks for a free region with the given size and alignment and removes
@@ -132,10 +128,8 @@ unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Locked<LinkedListAllocator> {
             let alloc_end = alloc_start.checked_add(size).expect("overflow");
             let excess_size = region.end_addr() - alloc_end;
             if excess_size > 0 {
-                unsafe {
                 allocator.add_free_region(alloc_end, excess_size);
             }
-            }
             alloc_start as *mut u8
         } else {
             ptr::null_mut()
@@ -146,6 +140,6 @@ unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Locked<LinkedListAllocator> {
         // perform layout adjustments
         let (size, _) = LinkedListAllocator::size_align(layout);
 
-        unsafe { self.lock().add_free_region(ptr as usize, size) }
+        self.lock().add_free_region(ptr as usize, size)
     }
 }

src/gdt.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
-use x86_64::VirtAddr;
 use x86_64::structures::gdt::{Descriptor, GlobalDescriptorTable, SegmentSelector};
 use x86_64::structures::tss::TaskStateSegment;
+use x86_64::VirtAddr;
 
 pub const DOUBLE_FAULT_IST_INDEX: u16 = 0;
 
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ lazy_static! {
     static ref TSS: TaskStateSegment = {
         let mut tss = TaskStateSegment::new();
         tss.interrupt_stack_table[DOUBLE_FAULT_IST_INDEX as usize] = {
-            const STACK_SIZE: usize = 4096 * 5;
+            const STACK_SIZE: usize = 4096;
             static mut STACK: [u8; STACK_SIZE] = [0; STACK_SIZE];
 
-            let stack_start = VirtAddr::from_ptr(&raw const STACK);
+            let stack_start = VirtAddr::from_ptr(unsafe { &STACK });
             let stack_end = stack_start + STACK_SIZE;
             stack_end
         };
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ struct Selectors {
 }
 
 pub fn init() {
-    use x86_64::instructions::segmentation::{CS, Segment};
+    use x86_64::instructions::segmentation::set_cs;
     use x86_64::instructions::tables::load_tss;
 
     GDT.0.load();
     unsafe {
-        CS::set_reg(GDT.1.code_selector);
+        set_cs(GDT.1.code_selector);
         load_tss(GDT.1.tss_selector);
     }
 }

src/interrupts.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{gdt, hlt_loop, print, println};
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
-use pic8259::ChainedPics;
+use pic8259_simple::ChainedPics;
 use spin;
 use x86_64::structures::idt::{InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame, PageFaultErrorCode};
 
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ pub fn init_idt() {
     IDT.load();
 }
 
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(stack_frame: &mut InterruptStackFrame) {
     println!("EXCEPTION: BREAKPOINT\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
 }
 
 extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(
-    stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+    stack_frame: &mut InterruptStackFrame,
     error_code: PageFaultErrorCode,
 ) {
     use x86_64::registers::control::Cr2;
@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(
 }
 
 extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(
-    stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+    stack_frame: &mut InterruptStackFrame,
     _error_code: u64,
 ) -> ! {
     panic!("EXCEPTION: DOUBLE FAULT\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
 }
 
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: &mut InterruptStackFrame) {
     print!(".");
     unsafe {
         PICS.lock()
@@ -79,18 +79,15 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFr
     }
 }
 
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
+extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: &mut InterruptStackFrame) {
-    use pc_keyboard::{DecodedKey, HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1, layouts};
+    use pc_keyboard::{layouts, DecodedKey, HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1};
     use spin::Mutex;
     use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
 
     lazy_static! {
-        static ref KEYBOARD: Mutex<Keyboard<layouts::Us104Key, ScancodeSet1>> =
+        static ref KEYBOARD: Mutex<Keyboard<layouts::Us104Key, ScancodeSet1>> = Mutex::new(
-            Mutex::new(Keyboard::new(
+            Keyboard::new(layouts::Us104Key, ScancodeSet1, HandleControl::Ignore)
-                ScancodeSet1::new(),
+        );
-                layouts::Us104Key,
-                HandleControl::Ignore
-            ));
     }
 
     let mut keyboard = KEYBOARD.lock();
@@ -112,8 +109,13 @@ extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStac
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+use crate::{serial_print, serial_println};
+
 #[test_case]
 fn test_breakpoint_exception() {
+    serial_print!("test_breakpoint_exception...");
     // invoke a breakpoint exception
     x86_64::instructions::interrupts::int3();
+    serial_println!("[ok]");
 }

src/lib.rs

@@ -2,10 +2,17 @@
 #![cfg_attr(test, no_main)]
 #![feature(custom_test_frameworks)]
 #![feature(abi_x86_interrupt)]
+#![feature(alloc_error_handler)]
+#![feature(const_fn)]
+#![feature(alloc_layout_extra)]
+#![feature(const_in_array_repeat_expressions)]
+#![feature(wake_trait)]
+#![feature(async_closure)]
 #![test_runner(crate::test_runner)]
 #![reexport_test_harness_main = "test_main"]
 
 extern crate alloc;
+
 use core::panic::PanicInfo;
 
 pub mod allocator;
@@ -13,6 +20,7 @@ pub mod gdt;
 pub mod interrupts;
 pub mod memory;
 pub mod serial;
+pub mod task;
 pub mod vga_buffer;
 
 pub fn init() {
@@ -21,25 +29,11 @@ pub fn init() {
     unsafe { interrupts::PICS.lock().initialize() };
     x86_64::instructions::interrupts::enable();
 }
-pub trait Testable {
-    fn run(&self) -> ();
-}
 
-impl<T> Testable for T
+pub fn test_runner(tests: &[&dyn Fn()]) {
-where
-    T: Fn(),
-{
-    fn run(&self) {
-        serial_print!("{}...\t", core::any::type_name::<T>());
-        self();
-        serial_println!("[ok]");
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn test_runner(tests: &[&dyn Testable]) {
     serial_println!("Running {} tests", tests.len());
     for test in tests {
-        test.run();
+        test();
     }
     exit_qemu(QemuExitCode::Success);
 }
@@ -74,7 +68,7 @@ pub fn hlt_loop() -> ! {
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-use bootloader::{BootInfo, entry_point};
+use bootloader::{entry_point, BootInfo};
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 entry_point!(test_kernel_main);
@@ -92,3 +86,8 @@ fn test_kernel_main(_boot_info: &'static BootInfo) -> ! {
 fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
     test_panic_handler(info)
 }
+
+#[alloc_error_handler]
+fn alloc_error_handler(layout: alloc::alloc::Layout) -> ! {
+    panic!("allocation error: {:?}", layout)
+}

src/main.rs

@@ -6,9 +6,8 @@
 
 extern crate alloc;
 
-use alloc::{boxed::Box, rc::Rc, vec, vec::Vec};
 use blog_os::println;
-use bootloader::{BootInfo, entry_point};
+use bootloader::{entry_point, BootInfo};
 use core::panic::PanicInfo;
 
 entry_point!(kernel_main);
@@ -16,6 +15,7 @@ entry_point!(kernel_main);
 fn kernel_main(boot_info: &'static BootInfo) -> ! {
     use blog_os::allocator;
     use blog_os::memory::{self, BootInfoFrameAllocator};
+    use blog_os::task::{simple_executor::SimpleExecutor, Task, keyboard};
     use x86_64::VirtAddr;
 
     println!("Hello World{}", "!");
@@ -27,29 +27,10 @@ fn kernel_main(boot_info: &'static BootInfo) -> ! {
 
     allocator::init_heap(&mut mapper, &mut frame_allocator).expect("heap initialization failed");
 
-    // allocate a number on the heap
+    let mut executor = SimpleExecutor::new();
-    let heap_value = Box::new(41);
+    executor.spawn(Task::new(example_task()));
-    println!("heap_value at {:p}", heap_value);
+    executor.spawn(Task::new(keyboard::print_keypresses()));
-
+    executor.run();
-    // create a dynamically sized vector
-    let mut vec = Vec::new();
-    for i in 0..500 {
-        vec.push(i);
-    }
-    println!("vec at {:p}", vec.as_slice());
-
-    // create a reference counted vector -> will be freed when count reaches 0
-    let reference_counted = Rc::new(vec![1, 2, 3]);
-    let cloned_reference = reference_counted.clone();
-    println!(
-        "current reference count is {}",
-        Rc::strong_count(&cloned_reference)
-    );
-    core::mem::drop(reference_counted);
-    println!(
-        "reference count is {} now",
-        Rc::strong_count(&cloned_reference)
-    );
 
     #[cfg(test)]
     test_main();
@@ -58,6 +39,15 @@ fn kernel_main(boot_info: &'static BootInfo) -> ! {
     blog_os::hlt_loop();
 }
 
+async fn async_number() -> u32 {
+    42
+}
+
+async fn example_task() {
+    let number = async_number().await;
+    println!("async number: {}", number);
+}
+
 /// This function is called on panic.
 #[cfg(not(test))]
 #[panic_handler]
@@ -71,8 +61,3 @@ fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
 fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
     blog_os::test_panic_handler(info)
 }
-
-#[test_case]
-fn trivial_assertion() {
-    assert_eq!(1, 1);
-}

src/memory.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use bootloader::bootinfo::{MemoryMap, MemoryRegionType};
 use x86_64::{
+    structures::paging::{
+        FrameAllocator, Mapper, OffsetPageTable, Page, PageTable, PhysFrame, Size4KiB,
+        UnusedPhysFrame,
+    },
     PhysAddr, VirtAddr,
-    structures::paging::{FrameAllocator, OffsetPageTable, PageTable, PhysFrame, Size4KiB},
 };
 
 /// Initialize a new OffsetPageTable.
@@ -11,10 +14,8 @@ use x86_64::{
 /// `physical_memory_offset`. Also, this function must be only called once
 /// to avoid aliasing `&mut` references (which is undefined behavior).
 pub unsafe fn init(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> OffsetPageTable<'static> {
-    unsafe {
     let level_4_table = active_level_4_table(physical_memory_offset);
     OffsetPageTable::new(level_4_table, physical_memory_offset)
-    }
 }
 
 /// Returns a mutable reference to the active level 4 table.
@@ -32,14 +33,31 @@ unsafe fn active_level_4_table(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> &'static mut
     let virt = physical_memory_offset + phys.as_u64();
     let page_table_ptr: *mut PageTable = virt.as_mut_ptr();
 
-    unsafe { &mut *page_table_ptr }
+    &mut *page_table_ptr // unsafe
+}
+
+/// Creates an example mapping for the given page to frame `0xb8000`.
+pub fn create_example_mapping(
+    page: Page,
+    mapper: &mut OffsetPageTable,
+    frame_allocator: &mut impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB>,
+) {
+    use x86_64::structures::paging::PageTableFlags as Flags;
+
+    let frame = PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(0xb8000));
+    // FIXME: ONLY FOR TEMPORARY TESTING
+    let unused_frame = unsafe { UnusedPhysFrame::new(frame) };
+    let flags = Flags::PRESENT | Flags::WRITABLE;
+
+    let map_to_result = mapper.map_to(page, unused_frame, flags, frame_allocator);
+    map_to_result.expect("map_to failed").flush();
 }
 
 /// A FrameAllocator that always returns `None`.
 pub struct EmptyFrameAllocator;
 
 unsafe impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB> for EmptyFrameAllocator {
-    fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
+    fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<UnusedPhysFrame> {
         None
     }
 }
@@ -64,7 +82,7 @@ impl BootInfoFrameAllocator {
     }
 
     /// Returns an iterator over the usable frames specified in the memory map.
-    fn usable_frames(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PhysFrame> {
+    fn usable_frames(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = UnusedPhysFrame> {
         // get usable regions from memory map
         let regions = self.memory_map.iter();
         let usable_regions = regions.filter(|r| r.region_type == MemoryRegionType::Usable);
@@ -73,12 +91,14 @@ impl BootInfoFrameAllocator {
         // transform to an iterator of frame start addresses
         let frame_addresses = addr_ranges.flat_map(|r| r.step_by(4096));
         // create `PhysFrame` types from the start addresses
-        frame_addresses.map(|addr| PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(addr)))
+        let frames = frame_addresses.map(|addr| PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(addr)));
+        // we know that the frames are really unused
+        frames.map(|f| unsafe { UnusedPhysFrame::new(f) })
     }
 }
 
 unsafe impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB> for BootInfoFrameAllocator {
-    fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
+    fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<UnusedPhysFrame> {
         let frame = self.usable_frames().nth(self.next);
         self.next += 1;
         frame

src/task/keyboard.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+use conquer_once::spin::OnceCell;
+use crossbeam_queue::ArrayQueue;
+use futures_util::stream::{Stream, StreamExt};
+use core::{pin::Pin, task::{Context, Poll}};
+use pc_keyboard::{layouts, DecodedKey, HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1};
+use crate::print;
+
+static SCANCODE_QUEUE: OnceCell<ArrayQueue<u8>> = OnceCell::uninit();
+
+pub struct ScancodeStream {
+    _private: (),
+}
+
+impl ScancodeStream {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        SCANCODE_QUEUE.try_init_once(|| ArrayQueue::new(100))
+            .expect("ScancodeStream::new should only be called once");
+        ScancodeStream {
+            _private: (),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Stream for ScancodeStream {
+    type Item = u8;
+
+    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, context: &mut Context) -> Poll<Option<u8>> {
+        let queue = SCANCODE_QUEUE
+            .try_get()
+            .expect("scancode queue not initialized");
+        match queue.pop() {
+            Ok(scancode) => Poll::Ready(Some(scancode)),
+            Err(crossbeam_queue::PopError) => Poll::Pending,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn print_keypresses() {
+    let mut scancodes = ScancodeStream::new();
+    let mut keyboard = Keyboard::new(layouts::Us104Key, ScancodeSet1, HandleControl::Ignore);
+
+    while let Some(scancode) = scancodes.next().await {
+        if let Ok(Some(key_event)) = keyboard.add_byte(scancode) {
+            if let Some(key) = keyboard.process_keyevent(key_event) {
+                match key {
+                    DecodedKey::Unicode(character) => print!("{}", character),
+                    DecodedKey::RawKey(key) => print!("{:?}", key),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/task/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use alloc::boxed::Box;
+use core::task::{Context, Poll};
+use core::{future::Future, pin::Pin};
+
+pub mod keyboard;
+pub mod simple_executor;
+
+pub struct Task {
+    future: Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()>>>,
+}
+
+impl Task {
+    pub fn new(future: impl Future<Output = ()> + 'static) -> Task {
+        Task {
+            future: Box::pin(future),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn poll(&mut self, context: &mut Context) -> Poll<()> {
+        self.future.as_mut().poll(context)
+    }
+}

src/task/simple_executor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+use super::Task;
+use alloc::{collections::VecDeque, sync::Arc, task::Wake};
+use core::task::{Context, Poll, Waker};
+
+pub struct SimpleExecutor {
+    task_queue: VecDeque<Task>,
+}
+
+impl SimpleExecutor {
+    pub fn new() -> SimpleExecutor {
+        SimpleExecutor {
+            task_queue: VecDeque::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn spawn(&mut self, task: Task) {
+        self.task_queue.push_back(task)
+    }
+
+    pub fn run(&mut self) {
+        while let Some(mut task) = self.task_queue.pop_front() {
+            let waker = DummyWaker.to_waker();
+            let mut context = Context::from_waker(&waker);
+            match task.poll(&mut context) {
+                Poll::Ready(()) => {} // task done
+                Poll::Pending => self.task_queue.push_back(task),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct DummyWaker;
+
+impl Wake for DummyWaker {
+    fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+}
+
+impl DummyWaker {
+    fn to_waker(self) -> Waker {
+        Waker::from(Arc::new(self))
+    }
+}

src/vga_buffer.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use spin::Mutex;
 use volatile::Volatile;
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+use crate::{serial_print, serial_println};
+
 lazy_static! {
     /// A global `Writer` instance that can be used for printing to the VGA text buffer.
     ///
@@ -177,14 +180,18 @@ pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
 
 #[test_case]
 fn test_println_simple() {
+    serial_print!("test_println... ");
     println!("test_println_simple output");
+    serial_println!("[ok]");
 }
 
 #[test_case]
 fn test_println_many() {
+    serial_print!("test_println_many... ");
     for _ in 0..200 {
         println!("test_println_many output");
     }
+    serial_println!("[ok]");
 }
 
 #[test_case]
@@ -192,6 +199,8 @@ fn test_println_output() {
     use core::fmt::Write;
     use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
 
+    serial_print!("test_println_output... ");
+
     let s = "Some test string that fits on a single line";
     interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
         let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
@@ -201,4 +210,6 @@ fn test_println_output() {
             assert_eq!(char::from(screen_char.ascii_character), c);
         }
     });
+
+    serial_println!("[ok]");
 }

tests/basic_boot.rs

@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 #![test_runner(blog_os::test_runner)]
 #![reexport_test_harness_main = "test_main"]
 
-use blog_os::println;
+use blog_os::{println, serial_print, serial_println};
 use core::panic::PanicInfo;
 
-#[unsafe(no_mangle)] // don't mangle the name of this function
+#[no_mangle] // don't mangle the name of this function
 pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
     test_main();
 
@@ -21,5 +21,7 @@ fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
 
 #[test_case]
 fn test_println() {
+    serial_print!("test_println... ");
     println!("test_println output");
+    serial_println!("[ok]");
 }

tests/heap_allocation.rs

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 extern crate alloc;
 
 use alloc::{boxed::Box, vec::Vec};
-use blog_os::allocator::HEAP_SIZE;
+use blog_os::{allocator::HEAP_SIZE, serial_print, serial_println};
-use bootloader::{BootInfo, entry_point};
+use bootloader::{entry_point, BootInfo};
 use core::panic::PanicInfo;
 
 entry_point!(main);
@@ -30,38 +30,44 @@ fn main(boot_info: &'static BootInfo) -> ! {
 
 #[test_case]
 fn simple_allocation() {
-    let heap_value_1 = Box::new(41);
+    serial_print!("simple_allocation... ");
-    let heap_value_2 = Box::new(13);
+    let heap_value = Box::new(41);
-    assert_eq!(*heap_value_1, 41);
+    assert_eq!(*heap_value, 41);
-    assert_eq!(*heap_value_2, 13);
+    serial_println!("[ok]");
 }
 
 #[test_case]
 fn large_vec() {
+    serial_print!("large_vec... ");
     let n = 1000;
     let mut vec = Vec::new();
     for i in 0..n {
         vec.push(i);
     }
     assert_eq!(vec.iter().sum::<u64>(), (n - 1) * n / 2);
+    serial_println!("[ok]");
 }
 
 #[test_case]
 fn many_boxes() {
+    serial_print!("many_boxes... ");
     for i in 0..HEAP_SIZE {
         let x = Box::new(i);
         assert_eq!(*x, i);
     }
+    serial_println!("[ok]");
 }
 
 #[test_case]
 fn many_boxes_long_lived() {
+    serial_print!("many_boxes_long_lived... ");
     let long_lived = Box::new(1); // new
     for i in 0..HEAP_SIZE {
         let x = Box::new(i);
         assert_eq!(*x, i);
     }
     assert_eq!(*long_lived, 1); // new
+    serial_println!("[ok]");
 }
 
 #[panic_handler]

tests/should_panic.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #![no_std]
 #![no_main]
 
-use blog_os::{QemuExitCode, exit_qemu, serial_print, serial_println};
+use blog_os::{exit_qemu, serial_print, serial_println, QemuExitCode};
 use core::panic::PanicInfo;
 
-#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+#[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
     should_fail();
     serial_println!("[test did not panic]");
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
 }
 
 fn should_fail() {
-    serial_print!("should_panic::should_fail...\t");
+    serial_print!("should_fail... ");
     assert_eq!(0, 1);
 }
 

tests/stack_overflow.rs

@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
 #![no_main]
 #![feature(abi_x86_interrupt)]
 
-use blog_os::{QemuExitCode, exit_qemu, serial_print, serial_println};
+use blog_os::{exit_qemu, serial_print, serial_println, QemuExitCode};
 use core::panic::PanicInfo;
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use x86_64::structures::idt::{InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame};
 
-#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+#[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
-    serial_print!("stack_overflow::stack_overflow...\t");
+    serial_print!("stack_overflow... ");
 
     blog_os::gdt::init();
     init_test_idt();
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
 #[allow(unconditional_recursion)]
 fn stack_overflow() {
     stack_overflow(); // for each recursion, the return address is pushed
-    volatile::Volatile::new(0).read(); // prevent tail recursion optimizations
 }
 
 lazy_static! {
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn init_test_idt() {
 }
 
 extern "x86-interrupt" fn test_double_fault_handler(
-    _stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
+    _stack_frame: &mut InterruptStackFrame,
     _error_code: u64,
 ) -> ! {
     serial_println!("[ok]");

x86_64-blog_os.json

@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 {
     "llvm-target": "x86_64-unknown-none",
-    "data-layout": "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128",
+    "data-layout": "e-m:e-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128",
     "arch": "x86_64",
     "target-endian": "little",
-    "target-pointer-width": 64,
+    "target-pointer-width": "64",
-    "target-c-int-width": 32,
+    "target-c-int-width": "32",
     "os": "none",
     "executables": true,
     "linker-flavor": "ld.lld",
     "linker": "rust-lld",
     "panic-strategy": "abort",
     "disable-redzone": true,
-    "features": "-mmx,-sse,+soft-float",
+    "features": "-mmx,-sse,+soft-float"
-    "rustc-abi": "x86-softfloat"
   }