Merge pull request #552 from phil-opp/delete-code-from-master

Delete code from master branch
2025-12-16 22:37:49 +00:00 · 2019-02-08 10:34:17 +01:00
parent aa09d2f719 51ef14c71a
commit 2c53bb0eb8
21 changed files with 35 additions and 1350 deletions
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@@ -2,90 +2,9 @@ branches:
  only:
    - staging
    - trying
-    - master
    - /post-.*/

-# Appveyor configuration template for Rust using rustup for Rust installation
-# https://github.com/starkat99/appveyor-rust
-
-## Operating System (VM environment) ##
-
-# Rust needs at least Visual Studio 2013 Appveyor OS for MSVC targets.
-os: Visual Studio 2015
-
-## Build Matrix ##
-environment:
-  matrix:
-
-### MSVC Toolchains ###
-  # Nightly 64-bit MSVC
-    - channel: nightly
-      target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-      MSYS_BITS: 64
-  # Nightly 32-bit MSVC
-    - channel: nightly
-      target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
-      MSYS_BITS: 32
-
-### GNU Toolchains ###
-  # Nightly 64-bit GNU
-    - channel: nightly
-      target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
-      MSYS_BITS: 64
-  # Nightly 32-bit GNU
-    - channel: nightly
-      target: i686-pc-windows-gnu
-      MSYS_BITS: 32
-
-cache:
-  - '%USERPROFILE%\.cargo\bin'
-  - '%USERPROFILE%\.cargo\.crates.toml'
-
-## Install Script ##
-
-# This is the most important part of the Appveyor configuration. This installs the version of Rust
-# specified by the 'channel' and 'target' environment variables from the build matrix. This uses
-# rustup to install Rust.
-#
-# For simple configurations, instead of using the build matrix, you can simply set the
-# default-toolchain and default-host manually here.
-install:
-  - appveyor-retry appveyor DownloadFile https://win.rustup.rs/ -FileName rustup-init.exe
-  - rustup-init -yv --default-toolchain %channel% --default-host %target%
-  - set PATH=%PATH%;%USERPROFILE%\.cargo\bin
-  - rustc -vV
-  - cargo -vV
-
-  # Install qemu
-  - echo %cd%
-  - mkdir "C:\Program Files\qemu"
-  - cd "C:\Program Files\qemu"
-  - if %target%==i686-pc-windows-msvc appveyor DownloadFile "https://qemu.weilnetz.de/w32/2018/qemu-w32-setup-20180801.exe" -FileName "qemu-setup.exe"
-  - if %target%==i686-pc-windows-gnu appveyor DownloadFile "https://qemu.weilnetz.de/w32/2018/qemu-w32-setup-20180801.exe" -FileName "qemu-setup.exe"
-  - if %target%==x86_64-pc-windows-msvc appveyor DownloadFile "https://qemu.weilnetz.de/w64/2018/qemu-w64-setup-20180801.exe" -FileName "qemu-setup.exe"
-  - if %target%==x86_64-pc-windows-gnu appveyor DownloadFile "https://qemu.weilnetz.de/w64/2018/qemu-w64-setup-20180801.exe" -FileName "qemu-setup.exe"
-  - 7z x qemu-setup.exe
-  - set PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files\qemu
-  - cd "C:\projects\blog-os"
-
-## Build Script ##
-
-# 'cargo test' takes care of building for us, so disable Appveyor's build stage. This prevents
-# the "directory does not contain a project or solution file" error.
 build: false

-before_test:
-  - set PATH=C:\msys64\mingw%MSYS_BITS%\bin;C:\msys64\usr\bin;%PATH%
-  # Fix undefined references to __acrt_iob_func()
-  - sed -rie "s/#define std([[:alpha:]]+)[[:space:]]+\(__acrt_iob_func\(([[:digit:]]+)\)\)/#define std\1 (\&__iob_func()[\2])/" "C:\msys64\mingw64\x86_64-w64-mingw32\include\stdio.h"
-  - sed -rie "s/#define std([[:alpha:]]+)[[:space:]]+\(__acrt_iob_func\(([[:digit:]]+)\)\)/#define std\1 (\&__iob_func()[\2])/" "C:\msys64\mingw32\i686-w64-mingw32\include\stdio.h"
-  - rustup component add rust-src
-  - set RUST_BACKTRACE=1
-  - if not exist %USERPROFILE%\.cargo\bin\cargo-install-latest.exe cargo install cargo-install-latest
-  - cargo install-latest cargo-xbuild bootimage
-
 test_script:
-  - bootimage build
-  - if %target%==x86_64-pc-windows-gnu cargo test
-  - if %target%==x86_64-pc-windows-msvc cargo test
-  - bootimage test
+  - echo "Nothing to do for master branch"
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-/target
-**/*.rs.bk
+code
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,17 +1,4 @@
-language: rust
-
-rust:
-    - nightly
-
-os:
-  - linux
-  - osx
-  - windows
-
-notifications:
-    email:
-        on_success: never
-        on_failure: always
+language: minimal

 branches:
  only:
@@ -19,34 +6,8 @@ branches:
    - staging
    # This is where pull requests from "bors try" are built.
    - trying
-    # Build pull requests.
-    - master
    # Build post braches
    - /^post-.*$/

-cache:
-  directories:
-    - $HOME/.cargo
-    - $HOME/Library/Caches/Homebrew
-
-addons:
-  apt:
-    packages:
-      - qemu-system-x86
-  homebrew:
-    packages:
-      - qemu
-
-install:
-  - if [ $TRAVIS_OS_NAME = windows ]; then choco install qemu; export PATH="/c/Program Files/qemu:$PATH"; fi
-
-before_script:
-  - rustup component add rust-src
-  - (test -x $HOME/.cargo/bin/cargo-install-latest || cargo install cargo-install-latest)
-  - cargo install-latest cargo-xbuild bootimage cargo-cache
-
 script:
-  - bootimage build
-  - cargo test
-  - bootimage test
-  - cargo cache --autoclean
+  - echo "Nothing to do for master branch"
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1,327 +0,0 @@
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-# It is not intended for manual editing.
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-"checksum unicode-width 0.1.5 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "882386231c45df4700b275c7ff55b6f3698780a650026380e72dabe76fa46526"
-"checksum usize_conversions 0.2.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "f70329e2cbe45d6c97a5112daad40c34cd9a4e18edb5a2a18fefeb584d8d25e5"
-"checksum ux 0.1.3 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "88dfeb711b61ce620c0cb6fd9f8e3e678622f0c971da2a63c4b3e25e88ed012f"
-"checksum volatile 0.2.6 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "6af0edf5b4faacc31fc51159244d78d65ec580f021afcef7bd53c04aeabc7f29"
-"checksum winapi 0.3.6 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "92c1eb33641e276cfa214a0522acad57be5c56b10cb348b3c5117db75f3ac4b0"
-"checksum winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu 0.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
-"checksum winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu 0.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
-"checksum x86_64 0.2.14 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "2bd647af1614659e1febec1d681231aea4ebda4818bf55a578aff02f3e4db4b4"
-"checksum x86_64 0.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "0f893c7b302f824d1bb6ab25353e585583fa451c918d950e6f81ff5b4267cc18"
-"checksum xmas-elf 0.6.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "22678df5df766e8d1e5d609da69f0c3132d794edf6ab5e75e7abcd2270d4cf58"
-"checksum zero 0.1.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "5f1bc8a6b2005884962297587045002d8cfb8dcec9db332f4ca216ddc5de82c5"
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "blog_os"
-version = "0.1.0"
-authors = ["Philipp Oppermann <dev@phil-opp.com>"]
-edition = "2018"
-
-[dependencies]
-bootloader = "0.3.12"
-volatile = "0.2.3"
-spin = "0.4.9"
-uart_16550 = "0.1.0"
-x86_64 = "0.4.0"
-pic8259_simple = "0.1.1"
-pc-keyboard = "0.3.1"
-
-[dependencies.lazy_static]
-version = "1.0"
-features = ["spin_no_std"]
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-array-init = "0.0.3"
-
-[profile.dev]
-panic = "abort"
-
-[profile.release]
-panic = "abort"
-
-[package.metadata.bootimage]
-default-target = "x86_64-blog_os.json"
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -4,24 +4,31 @@

 This repository contains the source code for the _Writing an OS in Rust_ series at [os.phil-opp.com](https://os.phil-opp.com).

-## Building
-You need a nightly Rust compiler and the `cargo-xbuild` and `bootimage` tools. You can install the tools by executing the following command:
+## Where is the code?
+
+The code for each post lives in a separate git branch. This makes it possible to see the intermediate state after each post.
+
+**The code for the latest post is available [here][latest-post].**
+
+[latest-post]: https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/post-10
+
+You can find the branch for each post by following the `(source code)` link in the [post list](#posts) below. The branches are named `post-XX` where `XX` is the post number, for example `post-03` for the _VGA Text Mode_ post or `post-08` for the _Hardware Interrupts_ post. For build instructions, see the Readme of the respective branch.
+
+You can check out a branch in a subdirectory using [git worktree]:
+
+[git worktree]: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-worktree

 ```
-cargo install cargo-xbuild bootimage
+git worktree add code post-10
 ```

-Afterwards you can invoke `bootimage build` to produce a bootable disk image. Please file an issue if you run into any problems.
-
-To run the image in [QEMU], you can execute `bootimage run`. Note that you need to have QEMU installed.
-
-[QEMU]: https://www.qemu.org/
+The above command creates a subdirectory named `code` that contains the code for the latest post ("Advanced Paging").

 ## Posts

 The goal of this project is to provide step-by-step tutorials in individual blog posts. We currently have the following set of posts:

-### Bare Bones
+**Bare Bones:**

 - [A Freestanding Rust Binary](https://os.phil-opp.com/freestanding-rust-binary/)
    ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/post-01))
@@ -30,14 +37,14 @@ The goal of this project is to provide step-by-step tutorials in individual blog
 - [VGA Text Mode](https://os.phil-opp.com/vga-text-mode/)
    ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/post-03))

-### Testing
+**Testing:**

 - [Unit Testing](https://os.phil-opp.com/unit-testing/)
    ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/post-04))
 - [Integration Tests](https://os.phil-opp.com/integration-tests/)
    ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/post-05))

-### Interrupts
+**Interrupts:**

 - [CPU Exceptions](https://os.phil-opp.com/cpu-exceptions/)
    ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/post-06))
@@ -46,19 +53,19 @@ The goal of this project is to provide step-by-step tutorials in individual blog
 - [Hardware Interrupts](https://os.phil-opp.com/hardware-interrupts/)
    ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/post-08))

-### Memory Management
+**Memory Management:**

 - [Introduction to Paging](https://os.phil-opp.com/paging-introduction/)
    ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/post-09))
 - [Advanced Paging](https://os.phil-opp.com/advanced-paging/)
    ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/post-10))

-
 ## First Edition Posts

 The current version of the blog is already the second edition. The first edition is outdated and no longer maintained, but might still be useful. The posts of the first edition are:

-### Bare Bones
+**Bare Bones:**
+
 - [A Minimal x86 Kernel](https://os.phil-opp.com/multiboot-kernel.html)
      ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/first_edition_post_1))
 - [Entering Long Mode](https://os.phil-opp.com/entering-longmode.html)
@@ -68,7 +75,8 @@ The current version of the blog is already the second edition. The first edition
 - [Printing to Screen](https://os.phil-opp.com/printing-to-screen.html)
      ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/first_edition_post_4))

-### Memory Management
+**Memory Management:**
+
 - [Allocating Frames](https://os.phil-opp.com/allocating-frames.html)
      ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/first_edition_post_5))
 - [Page Tables](https://os.phil-opp.com/modifying-page-tables.html)
@@ -78,13 +86,15 @@ The current version of the blog is already the second edition. The first edition
 - [Kernel Heap](https://os.phil-opp.com/kernel-heap.html)
      ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/first_edition_post_8))

-### Exceptions
+**Exceptions:**
+
 - [Handling Exceptions](https://os.phil-opp.com/handling-exceptions.html)
      ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/first_edition_post_9))
 - [Double Faults](https://os.phil-opp.com/double-faults.html)
      ([source code](https://github.com/phil-opp/blog_os/tree/first_edition_post_10))

-### Additional Resources
+**Additional Resources:**
+
 - [Cross Compile Binutils](https://os.phil-opp.com/cross-compile-binutils.html)
 - [Cross Compile libcore](https://os.phil-opp.com/cross-compile-libcore.html)
 - [Set Up GDB](https://os.phil-opp.com/set-up-gdb.html)
--- a/azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -8,25 +8,11 @@ trigger:
    - staging
    # This is where pull requests from "bors try" are built.
    - trying
-    # Build pull requests.
-    - master
    # Build post braches
    - post-*

-strategy:
-  matrix:
-    linux:
-      image_name: 'ubuntu-16.04'
-      rustup_toolchain: nightly
-    mac:
-      image_name: 'macos-10.13'
-      rustup_toolchain: nightly
-    windows:
-      image_name: 'vs2017-win2016'
-      rustup_toolchain: nightly
-
 pool:
-  vmImage: $(image_name)
+  vmImage: ubuntu-16.04

 steps:
 - bash: |
@@ -36,58 +22,5 @@ steps:
  displayName: 'Build Info'
  continueOnError: true

- script: |
-    curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh -s -- -y --default-toolchain $RUSTUP_TOOLCHAIN
-    echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=PATH;]$PATH:$HOME/.cargo/bin"
-  condition: or(eq( variables['Agent.OS'], 'Linux' ),  eq( variables['Agent.OS'], 'Darwin' ))
-  displayName: 'Install Rust (Linux/macOS)'
-
- script: |
-    curl -sSf -o rustup-init.exe https://win.rustup.rs
-    rustup-init.exe -y --default-toolchain %RUSTUP_TOOLCHAIN%
-    echo ##vso[task.setvariable variable=PATH;]%PATH%;%USERPROFILE%\.cargo\bin
-  condition: eq( variables['Agent.OS'], 'Windows_NT' )
-  displayName: 'Install Rust (Windows)'
-
- script: |
-    rustc -Vv
-    cargo -V
-  displayName: 'Print Rust Version'
-  continueOnError: true
-
- script: rustup component add rust-src
-  displayName: 'Install Rustup Src Component'
-
- script: |
-    cargo install cargo-xbuild --debug
-    cargo install bootimage --debug
-  displayName: 'Install cargo-xbuild and bootimage'
-
- script: bootimage build
-  displayName: 'Build'
-
- script: cargo test
-  displayName: 'Unit Tests'
-
- script: sudo apt install qemu-system-x86
-  condition: eq( variables['Agent.OS'], 'Linux' )
-  displayName: 'Install QEMU (Linux)'
-
- script: |
-    export HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE=1
-    export HOMEBREW_NO_BOTTLE_SOURCE_FALLBACK=1
-    export HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_CLEANUP=1
-    brew install qemu
-  condition: eq( variables['Agent.OS'], 'Darwin' )
-  displayName: 'Install QEMU (macOS)'
-
- script: |
-    choco install qemu --limit-output --no-progress
-    echo ##vso[task.setvariable variable=PATH;]%PATH%;C:\Program Files\qemu
-    set PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files\qemu
-    qemu-system-x86_64 --version
-  condition: eq( variables['Agent.OS'], 'Windows_NT' )
-  displayName: 'Install QEMU (Windows)'
-
- script: bootimage test
-  displayName: 'Integration Tests'
+- script: echo "Nothing to do for master branch"
+  displayName: "Nothing to do"
--- a/bors.toml
+++ b/bors.toml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 status = [
-  "continuous-integration/travis-ci/push",
+  "deploy/netlify",
 ]
 delete_merged_branches = true
--- a/1
+++ b/1
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-nightly
--- a/src/bin/test-basic-boot.rs
+++ b/src/bin/test-basic-boot.rs
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg_attr(not(test), no_std)]
-#![cfg_attr(not(test), no_main)] // disable all Rust-level entry points
-#![cfg_attr(test, allow(unused_imports))]
-
-use blog_os::{exit_qemu, serial_println};
-use core::panic::PanicInfo;
-
-/// This function is the entry point, since the linker looks for a function
-/// named `_start` by default.
-#[cfg(not(test))]
-#[no_mangle] // don't mangle the name of this function
-pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
-    serial_println!("ok");
-
-    unsafe {
-        exit_qemu();
-    }
-    loop {}
-}
-
-/// This function is called on panic.
-#[cfg(not(test))]
-#[panic_handler]
-fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
-    serial_println!("failed");
-
-    serial_println!("{}", info);
-
-    unsafe {
-        exit_qemu();
-    }
-    loop {}
-}
--- a/src/bin/test-exception-breakpoint.rs
+++ b/src/bin/test-exception-breakpoint.rs
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-#![no_std]
-#![cfg_attr(not(test), no_main)]
-#![cfg_attr(test, allow(dead_code, unused_macros, unused_imports))]
-
-use blog_os::{exit_qemu, serial_println};
-use core::panic::PanicInfo;
-
-#[cfg(not(test))]
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
-    blog_os::interrupts::init_idt();
-
-    x86_64::instructions::int3();
-
-    serial_println!("ok");
-
-    unsafe {
-        exit_qemu();
-    }
-    loop {}
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(test))]
-#[panic_handler]
-fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
-    serial_println!("failed");
-
-    serial_println!("{}", info);
-
-    unsafe {
-        exit_qemu();
-    }
-    loop {}
-}
--- a/src/bin/test-exception-double-fault-stack-overflow.rs
+++ b/src/bin/test-exception-double-fault-stack-overflow.rs
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-#![feature(abi_x86_interrupt)]
-#![no_std]
-#![cfg_attr(not(test), no_main)]
-#![cfg_attr(test, allow(dead_code, unused_macros, unused_imports))]
-
-use blog_os::{exit_qemu, serial_println};
-use core::panic::PanicInfo;
-use lazy_static::lazy_static;
-
-#[cfg(not(test))]
-#[no_mangle]
-#[allow(unconditional_recursion)]
-pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
-    blog_os::gdt::init();
-    init_test_idt();
-
-    fn stack_overflow() {
-        stack_overflow(); // for each recursion, the return address is pushed
-    }
-
-    // trigger a stack overflow
-    stack_overflow();
-
-    serial_println!("failed");
-    serial_println!("No exception occured");
-
-    unsafe {
-        exit_qemu();
-    }
-
-    loop {}
-}
-
-/// This function is called on panic.
-#[cfg(not(test))]
-#[panic_handler]
-fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
-    serial_println!("failed");
-    serial_println!("{}", info);
-
-    unsafe {
-        exit_qemu();
-    }
-
-    loop {}
-}
-
-use x86_64::structures::idt::{ExceptionStackFrame, InterruptDescriptorTable};
-
-lazy_static! {
-    static ref TEST_IDT: InterruptDescriptorTable = {
-        let mut idt = InterruptDescriptorTable::new();
-        unsafe {
-            idt.double_fault
-                .set_handler_fn(double_fault_handler)
-                .set_stack_index(blog_os::gdt::DOUBLE_FAULT_IST_INDEX);
-        }
-
-        idt
-    };
-}
-
-pub fn init_test_idt() {
-    TEST_IDT.load();
-}
-
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(
-    _stack_frame: &mut ExceptionStackFrame,
-    _error_code: u64,
-) {
-    serial_println!("ok");
-
-    unsafe {
-        exit_qemu();
-    }
-    loop {}
-}
--- a/src/bin/test-panic.rs
+++ b/src/bin/test-panic.rs
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg_attr(not(test), no_std)]
-#![cfg_attr(not(test), no_main)]
-#![cfg_attr(test, allow(unused_imports))]
-
-use blog_os::{exit_qemu, serial_println};
-use core::panic::PanicInfo;
-
-#[cfg(not(test))]
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn _start() -> ! {
-    panic!();
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(test))]
-#[panic_handler]
-fn panic(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
-    serial_println!("ok");
-
-    unsafe {
-        exit_qemu();
-    }
-    loop {}
-}
--- a/src/gdt.rs
+++ b/src/gdt.rs
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-use lazy_static::lazy_static;
-use x86_64::structures::gdt::{Descriptor, GlobalDescriptorTable, SegmentSelector};
-use x86_64::structures::tss::TaskStateSegment;
-use x86_64::VirtAddr;
-
-pub const DOUBLE_FAULT_IST_INDEX: u16 = 0;
-
-lazy_static! {
-    static ref TSS: TaskStateSegment = {
-        let mut tss = TaskStateSegment::new();
-        tss.interrupt_stack_table[DOUBLE_FAULT_IST_INDEX as usize] = {
-            const STACK_SIZE: usize = 4096;
-            static mut STACK: [u8; STACK_SIZE] = [0; STACK_SIZE];
-
-            let stack_start = VirtAddr::from_ptr(unsafe { &STACK });
-            let stack_end = stack_start + STACK_SIZE;
-            stack_end
-        };
-        tss
-    };
-}
-
-lazy_static! {
-    static ref GDT: (GlobalDescriptorTable, Selectors) = {
-        let mut gdt = GlobalDescriptorTable::new();
-        let code_selector = gdt.add_entry(Descriptor::kernel_code_segment());
-        let tss_selector = gdt.add_entry(Descriptor::tss_segment(&TSS));
-        (
-            gdt,
-            Selectors {
-                code_selector,
-                tss_selector,
-            },
-        )
-    };
-}
-
-struct Selectors {
-    code_selector: SegmentSelector,
-    tss_selector: SegmentSelector,
-}
-
-pub fn init() {
-    use x86_64::instructions::segmentation::set_cs;
-    use x86_64::instructions::tables::load_tss;
-
-    GDT.0.load();
-    unsafe {
-        set_cs(GDT.1.code_selector);
-        load_tss(GDT.1.tss_selector);
-    }
-}
--- a/src/interrupts.rs
+++ b/src/interrupts.rs
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-// The x86-interrupt calling convention leads to the following LLVM error
-// when compiled for a Windows target: "offset is not a multiple of 16". This
-// happens for example when running `cargo test` on Windows. To avoid this
-// problem we skip compilation of this module on Windows.
-#![cfg(not(windows))]
-
-use crate::{gdt, hlt_loop, print, println};
-use lazy_static::lazy_static;
-use pic8259_simple::ChainedPics;
-use spin;
-use x86_64::structures::idt::{ExceptionStackFrame, InterruptDescriptorTable, PageFaultErrorCode};
-
-pub const PIC_1_OFFSET: u8 = 32;
-pub const PIC_2_OFFSET: u8 = PIC_1_OFFSET + 8;
-
-pub const TIMER_INTERRUPT_ID: u8 = PIC_1_OFFSET;
-pub const KEYBOARD_INTERRUPT_ID: u8 = PIC_1_OFFSET + 1;
-
-pub static PICS: spin::Mutex<ChainedPics> =
-    spin::Mutex::new(unsafe { ChainedPics::new(PIC_1_OFFSET, PIC_2_OFFSET) });
-
-lazy_static! {
-    static ref IDT: InterruptDescriptorTable = {
-        let mut idt = InterruptDescriptorTable::new();
-        idt.breakpoint.set_handler_fn(breakpoint_handler);
-        idt.page_fault.set_handler_fn(page_fault_handler);
-        unsafe {
-            idt.double_fault
-                .set_handler_fn(double_fault_handler)
-                .set_stack_index(gdt::DOUBLE_FAULT_IST_INDEX);
-        }
-        idt[usize::from(TIMER_INTERRUPT_ID)].set_handler_fn(timer_interrupt_handler);
-        idt[usize::from(KEYBOARD_INTERRUPT_ID)].set_handler_fn(keyboard_interrupt_handler);
-        idt
-    };
-}
-
-pub fn init_idt() {
-    IDT.load();
-}
-
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(stack_frame: &mut ExceptionStackFrame) {
-    println!("EXCEPTION: BREAKPOINT\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
-}
-
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(
-    stack_frame: &mut ExceptionStackFrame,
-    _error_code: PageFaultErrorCode,
-) {
-    use crate::hlt_loop;
-    use x86_64::registers::control::Cr2;
-
-    println!("EXCEPTION: PAGE FAULT");
-    println!("Accessed Address: {:?}", Cr2::read());
-    println!("{:#?}", stack_frame);
-    hlt_loop();
-}
-
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(
-    stack_frame: &mut ExceptionStackFrame,
-    _error_code: u64,
-) {
-    println!("EXCEPTION: DOUBLE FAULT\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
-    hlt_loop();
-}
-
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: &mut ExceptionStackFrame) {
-    print!(".");
-    unsafe { PICS.lock().notify_end_of_interrupt(TIMER_INTERRUPT_ID) }
-}
-
-extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: &mut ExceptionStackFrame) {
-    use pc_keyboard::{layouts, DecodedKey, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1};
-    use spin::Mutex;
-    use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
-
-    lazy_static! {
-        static ref KEYBOARD: Mutex<Keyboard<layouts::Us104Key, ScancodeSet1>> =
-            Mutex::new(Keyboard::new(layouts::Us104Key, ScancodeSet1));
-    }
-
-    let mut keyboard = KEYBOARD.lock();
-    let port = Port::new(0x60);
-
-    let scancode: u8 = unsafe { port.read() };
-    if let Ok(Some(key_event)) = keyboard.add_byte(scancode) {
-        if let Some(key) = keyboard.process_keyevent(key_event) {
-            match key {
-                DecodedKey::Unicode(character) => print!("{}", character),
-                DecodedKey::RawKey(key) => print!("{:?}", key),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    unsafe { PICS.lock().notify_end_of_interrupt(KEYBOARD_INTERRUPT_ID) }
-}
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg_attr(not(test), no_std)]
-#![feature(abi_x86_interrupt)]
-
-pub mod gdt;
-pub mod interrupts;
-pub mod memory;
-pub mod serial;
-pub mod vga_buffer;
-
-pub unsafe fn exit_qemu() {
-    use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
-
-    let mut port = Port::<u32>::new(0xf4);
-    port.write(0);
-}
-
-pub fn hlt_loop() -> ! {
-    loop {
-        x86_64::instructions::hlt();
-    }
-}
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg_attr(not(test), no_std)]
-#![cfg_attr(not(test), no_main)]
-#![cfg_attr(test, allow(unused_imports))]
-
-use blog_os::println;
-use bootloader::{bootinfo::BootInfo, entry_point};
-use core::panic::PanicInfo;
-
-entry_point!(kernel_main);
-
-#[cfg(not(test))]
-fn kernel_main(boot_info: &'static BootInfo) -> ! {
-    use blog_os::interrupts::PICS;
-    use blog_os::memory::{self, create_example_mapping};
-
-    println!("Hello World{}", "!");
-
-    blog_os::gdt::init();
-    blog_os::interrupts::init_idt();
-    unsafe { PICS.lock().initialize() };
-    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::enable();
-
-    let mut recursive_page_table = unsafe { memory::init(boot_info.p4_table_addr as usize) };
-    let mut frame_allocator = memory::init_frame_allocator(&boot_info.memory_map);
-
-    create_example_mapping(&mut recursive_page_table, &mut frame_allocator);
-    unsafe { (0xdeadbeaf900 as *mut u64).write_volatile(0xf021f077f065f04e) };
-
-    println!("It did not crash!");
-    blog_os::hlt_loop();
-}
-
-/// This function is called on panic.
-#[cfg(not(test))]
-#[panic_handler]
-fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
-    println!("{}", info);
-    blog_os::hlt_loop();
-}
--- a/src/memory.rs
+++ b/src/memory.rs
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-use bootloader::bootinfo::{MemoryMap, MemoryRegionType};
-use x86_64::structures::paging::{
-    FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, PageTable, PhysFrame, RecursivePageTable, Size4KiB,
-};
-use x86_64::{PhysAddr, VirtAddr};
-
-/// Creates a RecursivePageTable instance from the level 4 address.
-///
-/// This function is unsafe because it can break memory safety if an invalid
-/// address is passed.
-pub unsafe fn init(level_4_table_addr: usize) -> RecursivePageTable<'static> {
-    /// Rust currently treats the whole body of unsafe functions as an unsafe
-    /// block, which makes it difficult to see which operations are unsafe. To
-    /// limit the scope of unsafe we use a safe inner function.
-    fn init_inner(level_4_table_addr: usize) -> RecursivePageTable<'static> {
-        let level_4_table_ptr = level_4_table_addr as *mut PageTable;
-        let level_4_table = unsafe { &mut *level_4_table_ptr };
-        RecursivePageTable::new(level_4_table).unwrap()
-    }
-
-    init_inner(level_4_table_addr)
-}
-
-/// Create a FrameAllocator from the passed memory map
-pub fn init_frame_allocator(
-    memory_map: &'static MemoryMap,
-) -> BootInfoFrameAllocator<impl Iterator<Item = PhysFrame>> {
-    // get usable regions from memory map
-    let regions = memory_map
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|r| r.region_type == MemoryRegionType::Usable);
-    // map each region to its address range
-    let addr_ranges = regions.map(|r| r.range.start_addr()..r.range.end_addr());
-    // transform to an iterator of frame start addresses
-    let frame_addresses = addr_ranges.flat_map(|r| r.into_iter().step_by(4096));
-    // create `PhysFrame` types from the start addresses
-    let frames = frame_addresses.map(|addr| PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(addr)));
-
-    BootInfoFrameAllocator { frames }
-}
-
-/// Returns the physical address for the given virtual address, or `None` if
-/// the virtual address is not mapped.
-pub fn translate_addr(addr: u64, recursive_page_table: &RecursivePageTable) -> Option<PhysAddr> {
-    let addr = VirtAddr::new(addr);
-    let page: Page = Page::containing_address(addr);
-
-    // perform the translation
-    let frame = recursive_page_table.translate_page(page);
-    frame.map(|frame| frame.start_address() + u64::from(addr.page_offset()))
-}
-
-pub fn create_example_mapping(
-    recursive_page_table: &mut RecursivePageTable,
-    frame_allocator: &mut impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB>,
-) {
-    use x86_64::structures::paging::PageTableFlags as Flags;
-
-    let page: Page = Page::containing_address(VirtAddr::new(0xdeadbeaf000));
-    let frame = PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(0xb8000));
-    let flags = Flags::PRESENT | Flags::WRITABLE;
-
-    let map_to_result = unsafe { recursive_page_table.map_to(page, frame, flags, frame_allocator) };
-    map_to_result.expect("map_to failed").flush();
-}
-
-/// A FrameAllocator that always returns `None`.
-pub struct EmptyFrameAllocator;
-
-impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB> for EmptyFrameAllocator {
-    fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
-        None
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct BootInfoFrameAllocator<I>
-where
-    I: Iterator<Item = PhysFrame>,
-{
-    frames: I,
-}
-
-impl<I> FrameAllocator<Size4KiB> for BootInfoFrameAllocator<I>
-where
-    I: Iterator<Item = PhysFrame>,
-{
-    fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
-        self.frames.next()
-    }
-}
--- a/src/serial.rs
+++ b/src/serial.rs
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-use lazy_static::lazy_static;
-use spin::Mutex;
-use uart_16550::SerialPort;
-
-lazy_static! {
-    pub static ref SERIAL1: Mutex<SerialPort> = {
-        let mut serial_port = SerialPort::new(0x3F8);
-        serial_port.init();
-        Mutex::new(serial_port)
-    };
-}
-
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub fn _print(args: ::core::fmt::Arguments) {
-    use core::fmt::Write;
-    use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
-
-    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
-        SERIAL1
-            .lock()
-            .write_fmt(args)
-            .expect("Printing to serial failed");
-    });
-}
-
-/// Prints to the host through the serial interface.
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! serial_print {
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => {
-        $crate::serial::_print(format_args!($($arg)*));
-    };
-}
-
-/// Prints to the host through the serial interface, appending a newline.
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! serial_println {
-    () => ($crate::serial_print!("\n"));
-    ($fmt:expr) => ($crate::serial_print!(concat!($fmt, "\n")));
-    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::serial_print!(concat!($fmt, "\n"), $($arg)*));
-}
--- a/src/vga_buffer.rs
+++ b/src/vga_buffer.rs
@@ -1,259 +0,0 @@
-use core::fmt;
-use lazy_static::lazy_static;
-use spin::Mutex;
-use volatile::Volatile;
-
-lazy_static! {
-    /// A global `Writer` instance that can be used for printing to the VGA text buffer.
-    ///
-    /// Used by the `print!` and `println!` macros.
-    pub static ref WRITER: Mutex<Writer> = Mutex::new(Writer {
-        column_position: 0,
-        color_code: ColorCode::new(Color::Yellow, Color::Black),
-        buffer: unsafe { &mut *(0xb8000 as *mut Buffer) },
-    });
-}
-
-/// The standard color palette in VGA text mode.
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[repr(u8)]
-pub enum Color {
-    Black = 0,
-    Blue = 1,
-    Green = 2,
-    Cyan = 3,
-    Red = 4,
-    Magenta = 5,
-    Brown = 6,
-    LightGray = 7,
-    DarkGray = 8,
-    LightBlue = 9,
-    LightGreen = 10,
-    LightCyan = 11,
-    LightRed = 12,
-    Pink = 13,
-    Yellow = 14,
-    White = 15,
-}
-
-/// A combination of a foreground and a background color.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[repr(transparent)]
-struct ColorCode(u8);
-
-impl ColorCode {
-    /// Create a new `ColorCode` with the given foreground and background colors.
-    fn new(foreground: Color, background: Color) -> ColorCode {
-        ColorCode((background as u8) << 4 | (foreground as u8))
-    }
-}
-
-/// A screen character in the VGA text buffer, consisting of an ASCII character and a `ColorCode`.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[repr(C)]
-struct ScreenChar {
-    ascii_character: u8,
-    color_code: ColorCode,
-}
-
-/// The height of the text buffer (normally 25 lines).
-const BUFFER_HEIGHT: usize = 25;
-/// The width of the text buffer (normally 80 columns).
-const BUFFER_WIDTH: usize = 80;
-
-/// A structure representing the VGA text buffer.
-#[repr(transparent)]
-struct Buffer {
-    chars: [[Volatile<ScreenChar>; BUFFER_WIDTH]; BUFFER_HEIGHT],
-}
-
-/// A writer type that allows writing ASCII bytes and strings to an underlying `Buffer`.
-///
-/// Wraps lines at `BUFFER_WIDTH`. Supports newline characters and implements the
-/// `core::fmt::Write` trait.
-pub struct Writer {
-    column_position: usize,
-    color_code: ColorCode,
-    buffer: &'static mut Buffer,
-}
-
-impl Writer {
-    /// Writes an ASCII byte to the buffer.
-    ///
-    /// Wraps lines at `BUFFER_WIDTH`. Supports the `\n` newline character.
-    pub fn write_byte(&mut self, byte: u8) {
-        match byte {
-            b'\n' => self.new_line(),
-            byte => {
-                if self.column_position >= BUFFER_WIDTH {
-                    self.new_line();
-                }
-
-                let row = BUFFER_HEIGHT - 1;
-                let col = self.column_position;
-
-                let color_code = self.color_code;
-                self.buffer.chars[row][col].write(ScreenChar {
-                    ascii_character: byte,
-                    color_code,
-                });
-                self.column_position += 1;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Writes the given ASCII string to the buffer.
-    ///
-    /// Wraps lines at `BUFFER_WIDTH`. Supports the `\n` newline character. Does **not**
-    /// support strings with non-ASCII characters, since they can't be printed in the VGA text
-    /// mode.
-    fn write_string(&mut self, s: &str) {
-        for byte in s.bytes() {
-            match byte {
-                // printable ASCII byte or newline
-                0x20...0x7e | b'\n' => self.write_byte(byte),
-                // not part of printable ASCII range
-                _ => self.write_byte(0xfe),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Shifts all lines one line up and clears the last row.
-    fn new_line(&mut self) {
-        for row in 1..BUFFER_HEIGHT {
-            for col in 0..BUFFER_WIDTH {
-                let character = self.buffer.chars[row][col].read();
-                self.buffer.chars[row - 1][col].write(character);
-            }
-        }
-        self.clear_row(BUFFER_HEIGHT - 1);
-        self.column_position = 0;
-    }
-
-    /// Clears a row by overwriting it with blank characters.
-    fn clear_row(&mut self, row: usize) {
-        let blank = ScreenChar {
-            ascii_character: b' ',
-            color_code: self.color_code,
-        };
-        for col in 0..BUFFER_WIDTH {
-            self.buffer.chars[row][col].write(blank);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Write for Writer {
-    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.write_string(s);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Like the `print!` macro in the standard library, but prints to the VGA text buffer.
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! print {
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::vga_buffer::_print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
-}
-
-/// Like the `println!` macro in the standard library, but prints to the VGA text buffer.
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! println {
-    () => ($crate::print!("\n"));
-    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
-}
-
-/// Prints the given formatted string to the VGA text buffer
-/// through the global `WRITER` instance.
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
-    use core::fmt::Write;
-    use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
-
-    interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
-        WRITER.lock().write_fmt(args).unwrap();
-    });
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use super::*;
-
-    fn construct_writer() -> Writer {
-        use std::boxed::Box;
-
-        let buffer = construct_buffer();
-        Writer {
-            column_position: 0,
-            color_code: ColorCode::new(Color::Blue, Color::Magenta),
-            buffer: Box::leak(Box::new(buffer)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn construct_buffer() -> Buffer {
-        use array_init::array_init;
-
-        Buffer {
-            chars: array_init(|_| array_init(|_| Volatile::new(empty_char()))),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn empty_char() -> ScreenChar {
-        ScreenChar {
-            ascii_character: b' ',
-            color_code: ColorCode::new(Color::Green, Color::Brown),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn write_byte() {
-        let mut writer = construct_writer();
-        writer.write_byte(b'X');
-        writer.write_byte(b'Y');
-
-        for (i, row) in writer.buffer.chars.iter().enumerate() {
-            for (j, screen_char) in row.iter().enumerate() {
-                let screen_char = screen_char.read();
-                if i == BUFFER_HEIGHT - 1 && j == 0 {
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char.ascii_character, b'X');
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char.color_code, writer.color_code);
-                } else if i == BUFFER_HEIGHT - 1 && j == 1 {
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char.ascii_character, b'Y');
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char.color_code, writer.color_code);
-                } else {
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char, empty_char());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn write_formatted() {
-        use core::fmt::Write;
-
-        let mut writer = construct_writer();
-        writeln!(&mut writer, "a").unwrap();
-        writeln!(&mut writer, "b{}", "c").unwrap();
-
-        for (i, row) in writer.buffer.chars.iter().enumerate() {
-            for (j, screen_char) in row.iter().enumerate() {
-                let screen_char = screen_char.read();
-                if i == BUFFER_HEIGHT - 3 && j == 0 {
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char.ascii_character, b'a');
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char.color_code, writer.color_code);
-                } else if i == BUFFER_HEIGHT - 2 && j == 0 {
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char.ascii_character, b'b');
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char.color_code, writer.color_code);
-                } else if i == BUFFER_HEIGHT - 2 && j == 1 {
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char.ascii_character, b'c');
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char.color_code, writer.color_code);
-                } else if i >= BUFFER_HEIGHT - 2 {
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char.ascii_character, b' ');
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char.color_code, writer.color_code);
-                } else {
-                    assert_eq!(screen_char, empty_char());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
--- a/x86_64-blog_os.json
+++ b/x86_64-blog_os.json
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "llvm-target": "x86_64-unknown-none",
-    "data-layout": "e-m:e-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128",
-    "arch": "x86_64",
-    "target-endian": "little",
-    "target-pointer-width": "64",
-    "target-c-int-width": "32",
-    "os": "none",
-    "executables": true,
-    "linker-flavor": "ld.lld",
-    "linker": "rust-lld",
-    "panic-strategy": "abort",
-    "disable-redzone": true,
-    "features": "-mmx,-sse,+soft-float"
-  }